AVR and The Minimum System

AVR is a microcontroller family which is now the most widely used. The concept of the AVR architecture was originally created by two students at Nerwegia Institute of Technology (NTH) that is Alf-Egil Bogen and Vegard Wallen which later developed by Atmel. Until now Atmel AVR family has issued few, the latter is a family of 32-bit RISC AVR. One family of AVR 8-bit microcontroller that is often used is ATMEGA8535/32. That makes this microcontroller family of widely used people are : Have a Flash, a EEPROM, and a SRAM are all in one IC, so that in certain applications do not require external memory.  Program execution faster because nearly all instruction is conducted in only one or two clock cycles different with MCS-51, which performs...

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Power Supply +12V. -12V and +5V

Schematic The application of this circuit is in the use of operational amplifiers which require multiple power supply +12 V and -12V. It also still provides a +5 V power supply for other circuits such as digital circuits. A symmetric power supply mostly used in amplifiers. If you want to create a symmetric power supply with a current of more than 1 amp, you would just remove IC79** and IC78** (output current of this IC is 1 amp), replace D1, D2, D3, D4 with a diode bridge with a range 35A, and replace the capacitor by increasing the charge and voltage. PCB layout List of Components Names Value   Quantity Transformer CT 15V, 9V 1 Voltage Source Diode 1N4002 6 Rectifier ...

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Stepper Controller

Stepper is an electromechanical device that works on electrical pulses that periodically flows into the motor, then each pulse is converted into motion, that's why it is called a stepper. Stepper motors are discussed is a unipolar stepper motor which has 4 phases and the length step of 1.8 ° per step (phase). The smaller the step length per step of a stepper motor, it is the better. Stepper motors have many advantages than DC motors. Some of these are: easier to manage and can result in a slow rotation. Therefore, in certain applications more and more people choose to use stepper motors than DC motors. In order to move the stepper motor can rotate then the pulse is given as shown below look a video demonstration To generate a periodic...

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Design Electronic Circuit Software

If we want to create an electronic circuit, the first thing done is to construct a circuit board on the project in order to alter the value and its components. Then after it obtained the proper circuit so that the circuit is not disturbed, we designed it on the PCB board. There are many of software used to design electronic circuits. Here we will discuss two software are often used to design electronic circuits, both in making the circuit schematic and PCB layout. 1. Eagle Eagle is a popular software in designing electronic circuits. In the eagle there are schematic and PCB layout design. In the latest version of the eagle, Eagle V6 has been there Autorouter feature to run the simulation. Schematic design examples using the eagle Example...

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DC Motor Controller

In the previous discussion about dc motor driver with L298 explained that, dc motor can be set by the L298 motor driver. To adjust the movement of the motor automatically needed circuit that combines the IC Microcontroller and L298. Many types of IC microcontrollers that can be used to perform this work. Here are discussed using AT89S51 as the  IC control. This IC can store data for 4Kbyte. Data entered into the microcontroller is made ​​with a program which is then converted to a file. Hex, this file will be flashed into the  IC control. The following is a simple motor control circuit. To flash the program from the PC (Personal Computer) to the IC control needed downloader that is connected to the MISO, MOSI, SCK, RESET, VCC...

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Designing a light-detection circuit

In designing a circuit that can detect light, the most important component is the light sensor. One of the light sensor that we often encounter is LDR (Light Dependent Resistor). Introducing the Light Sensor LDR resistance changes with changes in light intensity hit it. In the dark, the LDR resistant is about 10 Mohm and the sunniness of 1 kohm or less. LDR is made from semiconductor materials such as cadmium sulfide. With this material, the light energy that falls cause more load is released or the electric current increased payload. That is, the resistance of the material decreases. LDR is used to convert light energy into electrical energy. Automatic switches and burglar alarms are a few examples of tools that use the LDR. Because the...

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