Charger Circuit Using LM 317 with Input 18V Battery

Here is a simple but effective battery charger circuit using IC LM 317.The circuit can be used to charge 12Vlead acid batteries.The circuit is very simple and can be easily assembled on a general purpose PCB.

The heart of the circuit is IC LM 317 ,which is an adjustable voltage regulator IC.The pin 1 of the IC is the control pin which is used to control the charging voltage.The pin 2 is the output pin at which the charging voltage appears.The pin 3 is the input pin to which the regulated DC supply is given.

The charging voltage and current is controlled by the Transistor Q1,resistor R1 and POT R5.when the battery is first connected to the charging terminals ,the current through R1 increases.This in turn increases the current and voltage from LM 317.When the battery is fully charged the charger reduces the charging current and the battery will be charged in the trickle charging mode.

Notes:
    * The input voltage to the circuit must be atleast 3V higher than the expected output voltage.LM 317 dissipates around 3V during its operation.Here I used 18V DC as the input.
    * The charging voltage can be set by using the POT R5.
    * The LM 317 must be mounted on a heat sink.
    * All capacitors must be rated atleast 25V.
    * You can use crocodile clips for connecting the battery to the charger.

Source : http://www.circuitstoday.com

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Datasheet IC Logic Often Used

2N3055 : COMPLEMENTARY SILICON POWER NPN-TRANSISTORS http://www.datasheetcatalog.org/datasheet/stmicroelectronics/4079.pdf

CD4047: Low Power Monostable/Astable Multivibrator http://www.datasheetcatalog.org/datasheets/90/109077_DS.pdf

7400: Quad 2-Input NAND Gate  http://www.datasheetcatalog.org/datasheets/70/232209_DS.pdf

74LS04: Hex Inverting(NOT) Gates  http://www.datasheetcatalog.org/datasheets/70/375318_DS.pdf

74LS08: Quad 2-Input AND Gates http://www.datasheetcatalog.org/datasheets/70/375337_DS.pdf

74LS11: Triple 3-Input AND Gate http://www.datasheetcatalog.org/datasheets/50/232280_DS.pdf

74154: 4-Line to 16-Line Decoders/Demultiplexers http://www.datasheetcatalog.org/datasheets/120/236595_DS.pdf

SN7425 or 74254; Dual 4-input positive-NOR gates http://www.datasheetcatalog.org/datasheet2/a/0sh60ejwj9o45hydyo9k4wl7xu3y.pdf

7432: Quad 2-input OR gate http://www.datasheetcatalog.org/datasheets/70/245534_DS.pdf

7447: BCD TO 7-SEGMENT DECODER-DRIVER http://www.datasheetcatalog.org/datasheets2/47/47566_1.pdf

7493: 4-Bit Binary Counter http://www.datasheetcatalog.org/datasheet/nationalsemiconductor/DS006533.PDF

74138: Decoder/Demultiplexer http://www.datasheetcatalog.org/datasheets/90/232315_DS.pdf

74194: 4 BIT PIPO SHIFT REGISTER http://www.datasheetcatalog.org/datasheets/320/387579_DS.pdf

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How to Measure Current With a Microcontroller's ADC

Usually, Microcontrollers do not have specific ports for measuring currents, but they have ADC channels through which you can measure analog voltages of a certain range. This means a dc current can be indirectly measured by a microcontroller’s ADC channel by first converting the current into voltage. The simplest way of doing this is to place a resistance in series with the current path and measure the voltage drop across it. But hold on, if you place an additional resistance in the circuit, it will affect the original current. Therefore, we need to use a very small value resistance so that it’s effect in the circuit current won’t be significant.

Resistors with values less than 1 Ω are available in electronics stores. Depending upon the amount of current in the circuit, you need to choose proper power rating for the resistor. Suppose, if you pick 0.47 Ω, and the maximum current in the circuit is about 2 A, then the resistor should have the capacity of dissipating 4 x 0.47 ≈ 2 Watts of heat.

You can also make a small value resistance by yourself. Yes, by simply winding a copper wire into coil. I have made one from a 5 ft long solid copper wire (22 AWG) with plastic insulation on outer side, as shown below.

 Now lets measure its resistance. The resistance can be measured directly with a digital multimeter. My digital meter shows its value equal to 0.3 Ω. This measurement may have higher uncertainty as it is very small and most multimeter does not show values beyond 1 decimal digit. The resistance can also be measured using Ohm’s law. Connect a 47 Ω resistor in series with the coil resistance (Rs) and supply a 5V power as shown below. Next, measure the voltage across Rs and current through it separately using the multimeter. In my case, I found the measured voltage and current values to be 24.1 mV and 84.3 mA, respectively. This gives the resistance of the coil is about 0.286 Ω.

Now, suppose that the range of current to be measured using this coil resistance is from 0-2 A. Then the voltage drop across the coil resistance will be somewhere from 0 – 0.57 V. Because of its low dynamic range, this voltage signal may not be accurately measured with a microcontroller’s ADC module. So this requires some sort of voltage scaling. One way to achieve that is by using an operational amplifier circuit as shown below.

In the circuit, Rs is the low value current sensing resistor (our coil resistor) which is connected in series with the load resistor. Our objective is to derive the load current (I). The low voltage drop across Rs is amplified by the non-inverting amplifier. The gain of the amplifier is set by Rf and Ri resistors. For Rf = 10 K, and Ri = 1.3 K, the gain of the amplifier would be about 8.7. This is enough to linearly scale Vs (0-0.57 V) to Vo (0- ≈5 V). Now you have 0-5 V voltage signal that corresponds to 0-2 A current through Rs. This voltage signal is now more appropriate for ADC conversion with Vref = 5 V.

Vo = 8.7 x I x Rs = 2.49I (Rs = 0.286 Ω)

=> I = Vo/2.49.

For 10-bit ADC with Vref = 5 V, resolution = 5/1024 = 0.0049 V. For input signal Vo, the ADC O/P will be Vo x 0.0049. Thus,

I = ADC O/P x 0.0049/2.49 = 0.00197 x ADC O/P

The current resolution would be therefore 0.00197 A (≈ 2 mA).

Source : http://embedded-lab.com/

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Smart Buying a Second-Hand Hardware (Tips)

When you wish to buy hardware or new PC components, you can get them easily. Some ways are usually conducted among others by visiting your shop or order them through the buying-selling websites online trusted.
Unlike buying new hardware,  to buy a second hardware usually there are some of things to note and be done, because it is not impossible that the function hardware is not appropriate than necessary. It is intended that you do not "fooled" with the goods you buy later. Here are tips on buying a second hardware:

1. Check the market price of the second hardware

This is the first step a buyer must do before making a transaction. When to buy a new product, you do not too confused with the market price of the product. The new product price difference between one store to another store is not much different as it follows the standard price have set by the manufacturer. Another case when you want to buy second products, pries often found looks enough much between a sellers with the other. For that, it helps you do a small survey to a few places selling second goods, such as a store and buying-selling websites online to get a reasonable price range of hardware that you see.

2. Identify and learn about the products that you seek

Studying an information, starts from the physical shape,  the sales package which included, feature, up to the specifications of products may be a reference in order not to be fooled by obtaining items that do not suitable when buying. Often buyers who do not understand get counterfeit/imitation products look very similar, starts from the physical shape, logo, to the User Interface on the menu in it.

3. Make sure the place where you buy

Buy goods in the store certainly easier and safer than buying through online stores.
If buying in store, be sure to store your selection will provide a warranty or guarantee of the goods you buy. Likewise with the seller or online store, priority to buy from those who are willing to transact directly. That way, you can check directly the condition of the goods.

4. Check Physical of goods/hardware

The second hardware have on disability its physical could have been caused due to hit or even dropped. When happen things like that, you should be ready with the consequences. Not only can affect the performance of the overall product, not perfect physical condition also interfere the aesthetic value of a product and of course reduce your satisfaction as a buyer.

5. Check the function of the goods/hardware.

After ensuring condition of the goods through the physical, now is the time you check the function when a product that you buy can be tested directly at the place of purchase. Make sure all the basic functions and features of the product to function properly. In this case, you can do it two to three times to really make sure the hardware can function normally. For that, ask for a few minutes to the seller so that you can do it carefully.

6. Check the warranty period

Make sure the goods/hardware you buy have a valid warranty. For that, you need to check all matters relating to the warranty, such as to match the serial number on the product, packaging, and warranty card. To simply assure it, you first check whether the item you want to buy have authorized warranty or not(warranty distributor/store).

7. Check the seals

To check the seal of a product is actually a trivial thing, but it's important to do. Seal or sticker on the body of a product (usually located on the bolt) can indicate whether the goods have been unloaded or not. If the seal is torn, broken, or even lost, you should be wary of goods that you'll buy.

8. Ask for a personal warranty

After you are sure to buy, to helps, if you also ask for personal warranty from the seller. In a personal warranty period, you can use it to try and ensure all features and functions in it to function normally.

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Thermaltake Level 10 GT Snow with Three Super Large Fans

Level 10 GT is a top class chassis from Thermaltake. This time, Level 10 GT comes with a white bandage.
The specifications are not much different than the series Level 10 GT previous , still with three super large 200 mm fans on the front and side for intake as well as a fan  at the top for exhaust. Fan's sized 140 mm also been added on the back side to help remove heat. As a sweetener view, three of 200 mm fans are equipped with LED features and Colorshift three colors (red, green, blue).
This chassis/casing is also equipped with a good security system because System Security Lock feature to ensure the security of hardware in it. On the left side of the casing there is a knob to adjust the direction of the wind generated from the fan side. That way, you can set the direction of the wind to upper, middle or bottom.
The casing has a five hotswap hard disk bay. To remove the hard disk, press the button located on the front side and then pull the hard disk cage from the left side. The button also serves as a safety net so that the hard disk is not easily dislodged.
Other features are a air filter located in front, left side, and bottom. They can be removed easily for cleaning. On the left side of the casing also has a headset holder to hang the headset.

Stay abreast of trends, this case provides two internal USB 3.0 port on front panel. In addition, there are four USB 2.0 ports, an e-SATA port, and HD audio port. The casing is also able to accommodate water cooling or radiator sized 240 mm. Three water cooling holes are also available on the back side.
Eight expansion slots in the casing allows you to use the system 3-way SLI or CrossFireX graphics card with a length of up to 360 mm. Cable management is also because because of the cable holder.
The advantages of Thermaltake Level 10 GT Snow are available two internal 3.0 on the front side, HotSwap HDD to facilitate the laying of hard disk, there are an air filter to maintain the cleanliness of hardware in it, elegant design, and equipped with new features and provide adequate security through its key.

Specifications:

Material: Iron, Plastic

5.25" Drive Bay: 4

3.5" Drive Bay: 6

Expansion Slots: 8

Cooling System: Front (intaker) 200 mm LED fan

Top (exhaust) 200 mm LED fan

Side (intake) 200 mm LED fan

Rear (exhaust) 140 mm LED fan

Bottom (intake) 120 mm fan (optional)

Power Supply: Bottom Standard ATx PSII

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AOC E2352PHZ with Convenient 3D System

The sleek design and elegant impression owned by AOC e2352Phz. At the back there are four holes that you can use if you want to put this monitor on the wall (wall mounting). Foot buffer feels sturdy when you put it on the table because of the use of strong plastic material. Still in the back, you can find built-in speaker with SRS WOW HD feature. This feature is rarely found in current monitor products, Interface is used quite complete. AOC provides a variety of options, such as audio-out port, mic-in, HDMI, D-Sub, DVI, and power port on the back.
The main features are highlighted by the AOC e2352 is a passive 3D feature. For 3D feature is used  type of FPR  so glasses that are used no longer use a battery. To use the 3D mode in the game, photos, and movies, you need to install an application called Tridef on the disc provided.
The resulting 3D effect feels real. If the movie you have SBS format, Tridef application not be need  used. You simply turn on 3D mode via a button located on the bottom of the monitor. In addition, there are also additional applications available on the disc to improve the performance of AOC e2352Phz.
Because the LED type, of course, AOC e2352 have a power saving feature. When tested with some of its default settings, AOC e2352Phz consuming 37 watts of power in sport mode, 33 watts in standard mode, to the lowest, which is 22 watts in text mode.
In the sales package, you will get a D-Sub cable, a HDMI cable, a power cable, a manual guide, an application disc, as well as a 3D glasses and 3D clip-on for who use the glasses minus/plus.
The advantages of AOC e2352Phz are a unique feature to feel the 3D effect in your home, the sales package offered is very attractive, available feature built-in speaker, and using passive 3D technologies are comfortable with the sales package includes the 3D glasses without a battery with a light weight.

Specifications:

Screen Size: 23 inch

Contrast Ratio: 20.000.000:1

Brightness: 250cd/m2

Resolution: 1920x1080

Response Time: 2 ms

Input: HDMI, DVI, D-Sub

Special Feature: Tridef 3D

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Cooler Master Cosmos II a Good Choice

Cosmos II with a super large size motherboard can accommodate a motherboard up to type XL-ATX and full support for dual-processor motherboard server class with a type of Server System Infrastructure (SSI) CEB and FEB. This casing  is also able to accommodate up to 13 hard disk.
Two handles on the upper side is characteristic of this case will be retained and able to lift the load if the casing is filled full with components. On the side panel, you can open it by pressing the button on the back side and this casing can be opened to 90 degrees.
Futuristic impression will be felt on the front panel. There are e-Sata port, two USB 3.0 ports, four 2.0 ports, audio jacks on the front side of the casing. At the top there are the power button, reset, Fan Management and LED Switch as well as HDD LED and Power LED that uses metallic layers. Front panel on the upper side is closed by a cover which can be slides to use. For Fan Management, there are three arrangement represented by LED. Blue LED indicates fan to low speed, purple to medium speed and red to full speed.

CoolerMaster Cosmos II  provides three  5.25" drives and two Hotswaps to the hard disk that can be locked to ensure the safety of your hard disk. You can access it by pressing the front cover down  to show the impression of robotic in this casing. Large size makes you to more comfortable in a set of existing cables on the back side.
This casing is able to accommodate the use of water cooling radiotor size of 360 mm which can be placed on the upper side. Radiator mounting kit is also provided in this case if you use a radiator size of 240 mm. You can put it on the underside of the casing by removing the hard disk cage on the underside.
The advantages of Cooler Master Cosmos II are a luxury design with aluminum and the handle on the side, there are two internal USB 3.0 in a easily accessible place, Fan managemnent on the upper side to the fan settings and can accommodate all types of motherboards, grapics card and hard disk in quantities without difficulty.

Specifications:

Materials: Aluminium, Ironm Plastic

5.25" Drive Bay: 3

3.5" Drive Bay: 13

Expansion Slot: 10+1

Cooling System: Front (intake) 200 mm LED fan

Top (exhaust) 200 mm LED fan

Side (intake) 2x120 mm LED fan

Rear (exhaust) 140 mm LED fan

Bottom (intake) 2x120 mm fan (optional)

Power Supply: Bottom Standard ATx PSII

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Leadtek GTX 560 Ti Hurricane

This Graphics card GeForce 114 chipset Fermi with dual-fan  has a function to remove the heat generated. With the use of two heatpipes are made ​​of copper, this graphics card promises a good performance, especially at full load. Leadtek is quite creative in developing a cooling system. It can be seen from the size of heatpipe larger 2 mm from the reference version (6 mm). This innovation is indeed powerful enough to remove excess heat.
Leadtek has increased the clock speed on the graphics card. NVIDIA's reference clock is 732 MHz, while Leadtek increase it up to 822 MHz . With support from DirectX 11, Leadtek GTX 560 Ti can make the gaming experience more real because it can display a realistic effect. Feature NVIDIA 3D Vision is also available on this graphics card to give a new experience when you play the game with excellent 3D visualization.
For users who are not satisfied with the ability of single Leadtek GTX 560 Ti, this graphics card also supports dual-graphics SLI technology. In addition, with multi-display technology you can use three screens at once through an HDMI port and two DVI ports it has. One of the interesting on this graphics Card is a support NVIDIA PureVideo HD technology to helps the process of decoding a video in order to look more smooth and also has a brighter color.
Overall, Leadtek GTX 560 Ti has a promising performance with higher clock than the reference card. Furthermore, the cooling solution by Leadtek is quite innovative because  has a fast dual-fan 90 mm  but still quiet when spinning. Thereby, the resulting air flow enough maximum to help remove heat.

Specification :

GPU Codename : Fermi GF 114

Core Technology : 40 nm

Core Clock : 822 MHz

Stream Processor : 384

Memory : DDR5

Memory Clock : 4000 MHz

Memory Capacity : 1 GB

Memory Interface : 256-bit

Interface Display : 2xDVI, 1x mini HDMI

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The Working Principle of Power Supply

Perhaps many people or electronics hobbyist asked how the work of a power supply? Why wave generated can be straight vertical? voltage can be set and even can set the output current? Well, here I will discuss how it happened.
Components are very important in making a power supply are: transformer, rectifier, filter and regulator. Below is a general flow diagram of a power supply.

With the principle of magnetic induction, transformers reduce the voltage 220VAC to 30V, 18V, 12V and etc.. Based on the difference in the number of windings between the primary and secondary windings on the transformer, then the ratio of output voltage and input can be formulated as follows:

Vs/Vp = Ns/Np

After the voltage is reduced as expected, we have to convert the voltage into a DC voltage as the output voltage of transformer is an AC voltage. To change that, we need a rectifier component which is a diode. Diode will rectify AC voltage into DC, as shown below:

If using only a single diode is formed a half wave rectification. The output DC voltage can be formulated as follows:

Vrms = Vpeak / 2

Vdc = Vpeak / pi

If using a dioda bridge is formed a full wave rectification.

For the performance of the power supply is good, then the required voltage filter for filtering the voltage of the diode to be a straight vertical wave only. Component used is a capacitor.
How does a capacitor can be used as a filter? Based on the principle of charge and discharge. At the time of voltage entering the capacitor, at the time also the capacitor starts to charging the charge, and after that the capacitor will directly discharge  the charge. At the time of discharge, the capacitor will produce a voltage so the  rectification voltage is seen  decrease becoming increase, the event would occur continuously during the capacitor is given a voltage. The results of the working principle of  the capacitor produces the waves become more straight.

Related post :
Symmetric Power Supply +35V and -35V Project,
Power Supply +12V. -12V and +5V,
MAKES A POWER SUPPLY 12V 5A
12V Portable and Mobile Power Supply Circuit Diagram
Charger Circuit Using LM 317 with Input 18V Battery

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Inverter Energy Source

In essence, there’s a couple different types of electric powered energy inside Globe: DC (Strength) in addition to switching AC current (AC). DC actions continuously from the advantageous power write-up on the negative electric submit. Changing electric energy operates forwards and backwards concerning the some articles. Electricity current occur in Character and as well battery pack packages, though Heating and air conditioning pre-existing might be man-made plus items electrical energy above the average person energy electric company which usually makes it possible for person company in conjunction with features. Vehicle battery packs found a problem before once we acknowledged many people wished to functions usually AC-powered products within their autos however often definitely not do this due to incompatible newest technical specs. Manufacturers like Vector altered to the site resolve this kind of difficulty by means of gelling having fashion motor vehicle energy inverters that could appropriately and as well properly adjust Digital camera that you should AC. Their own worthwhile design and style presents resulted in quite a few stream-lined, square items that talk with battery power bags in addition to effect the coming switching ac current properly through several regular strength links.

A few aspects work out how a great energy inverter operates: inflow effect plus electrical energy result. State consequence makes clear the way you look concerning utility indications as they definitely commence on top of a wonderful oscilloscope. Square seashore appears to be the same as his or her headline details: for example pieces over the electric company. Normal sine marine, generally known as right sine sand hills, appear mainly because viewed search on-screen. Sine claim car durability inverters become more successful when compared with square trend power inverters whenever continual energy flow is usually an important issue. Really, true sine productiveness can be quite a minor superior to that regarding local community electrical power energy strength power grid, for that reason, luckily they are the more expensive products using say hello to the industry.

Newest advancements through know-how get stuck individuals within a strict budget getting an the variety of each fashion commonly known as whether or not modified square and also transformed sine claim energy inverter. Your current particular diversities which will find out how an authentic sine vehicle energy inverter capabilities and ways in which a good changed SINE energy inverter functions are extremely minute make almost any evident outcomes utilizing usual electronic products. Only the many high-end goods necessitates appropriate sine consequence, combined with cost of they may generate a event for just about any extra buying of true sine architectural to supply very best excellent in addition to trustworthy operation.

Yet another brand-new development that enables car electricity inverters to use a lot more stableness than ever would be the superior Delicate Begin Technological know-how, manufacturer “SST” just by corporations one example is Vector. SST transpires inside progression of techniques energy inverters perform. The first energy inverters with regards to cars may just accomplish often throughout awesome core commences. Simply because couldn’t get sufficient electrical energy inside battery, they could turn off from pre-existing under load as well as have to have a manual reboot your computer. SST gets rid of that issue by just continuously expanding recent raise during generator new venture corporation. Once the end result declines for any excuse, SST would make quick changes in compensation and definitely will minimize numerous shutdowns. As soon as in the extraordinary functionality just about any banned can easily occur, your modern day automobile electric power inverters execute repeatedly so that you can system themselves devoid of frustrating the trucker from the motorway.

Reddish colored Huge batch Existing delivers only the best possible and the majority of reliable energy inverters that may work with any situation desiring DC-AC change for better. Discover just how electricity inverters are employed our personal Suggests location, and look some of our on the internet record to locate the virtually all high-end and as well dedicated tools through each of our clear-cut, hassle-free on-line obtain process.

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Look also How to Make a Simple Inverter and Inverter 100W with IC 4047 

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